1. 3 meters per second. The new variant will be shown this week at the Paris Air Show at Le Bourget. Comes equipped with DC-to-DC conversion circuit for more reliable operation with heavy CPU and GPU loads. The RV–10 reaches the target altitude in 2 minutes 50 seconds, and the SR22 gets there 3 seconds later. 7 degrees per 0. P. King Air 360ER; King Air 360; King Air 260. Answer ; c) 141 kt. The family’s cruise speed is set at 104 KCAS. Calibrated airspeed in knots is usually abbreviated as KCAS, while indicated airspeed is abbreviated as KIAS. Registered Member. If the gross weight of an aircraft without cargo is 500,000 pounds and the stall speed at that weight is 120 KCAS, what is the new stall speed KCAS when 500,000 pounds of cargo is added, i. 5. 175 KIAS. for 85%+ efficiency • Equipped with DC-to-DC conversion circuit • Silent 12cm fan with optimized thermal fan speed. In actual practice, the actual speed at which the wing will stall can vary depending on weight, CG location, a myriad of other things like air density, temperature, bank angle, and the difference between CAS and IAS for the pitot tube. Straight line variation between points. 5 for level and steady flight at maximum weight at an altitude of 2000 ft. For example, the IAS can be referenced for altitudes below 10,000 ft (3,000 m) and 250 knots (460 kph). Note the wide turn from &LL01; (D6. Useful Load. 78 KCAS. 5 + 0 = 152. 6 seconds) can determine the size of the circle; 202. Performance Summary. What will its stall speed be if wing area is changed to 139 ft27 Round answer to nearest kt. 106. KTAS or Knots True Airspeed is the airspeed of the airplane relative to the (stationary) air, it is flying through. The IAS is typically used for low speeds and low altitudes. The Cessna 185 first appeared in 1961 as an evolutionary follow-on to the popular 180. 3. The market for single-engine piston airplanes is led by Cirrus with the SR20 and SR22 high-performance models that also commend a premium price. 1. metric units. Find the Calibrated Lift-Off Speed [KCAS] using the chart below,. Rotor Speed Limitations Power on: Maximum 104 % (530 rpm) Minimum 97 % (495 rpm) Power off: Maximum 110 % (561 rpm)Answer: -. 3. 98 KCAS T. Calculate the Dynamic Pressure 'q' [lb/ft2], based on the TAS above. The Seastar design results in docile flying characteristics with a stall speed of only 66 KCAS in the landing configuration (land). 15 gallons per hour at 75% power; Range: 600 nautical miles; Service Ceiling: 15,000 feet; Landing Ground Roll: 780 feet; Landing Over 50 ft. Study Resources. 3 meters per second. (d) Aeroplanes not certified for aerobatics may be used to perform any manoeuvre incident to normal flying, including:gyration for Tempo and Encore were determined and multiplied by the weight to from EAE 130 at University of California, Davis*If an aircraft stalls at 50 KCAS at 2325 pounds gross weight, what is the new stall KCAS at 1600 pounds gross weight? 10. Vr 속도가 너무 느리면 테일스트라이크를 유발할. Note: You can increase or decrease the accuracy of this answer by. An aircraft’s indicated airspeed in knots is typically abbreviated KIAS for “Knots-Indicated Air Speed” (vs. A fan speed of 45% and a longitudinal stick position of about 41% should maintain this condition with a pitch attitude of 2O nose-down. Something traveling at one knot is going about 1. [1] The ISO standard symbol for the knot is kn. Lower than what? 1. 98. 131 KTAS. 27. Your groundspeed will be higher, and the same as your KTAS in zero wind as well. Converting Knots Indicated Air Speed (KIAS) to Miles Per Hour (MPH) is quite straightforward. Backgrounder. A headwind slows the plane?s forward progress relative to the ground while increasing its speed relative to the airmass, so the groundspeed would be lower than the true airspeed. The KCAS PLUS M is 80Plus Bronze certified for high performance with up to 85%+ efficiency. Your airspeed indicator (assuming no errors) will read only 68. A. If there is no wind it is also the same as ground speed (GS). Mach. Knots to Meters per second. Hydraulic Pressure: Min PSI Max PSI Normal Range. The Boeing 747-8 Family . 570 deg C. There will be a climb speed schedule the airplane is following, such as for the A32NX normally is 290KCAS/M0. 3 Vs0 is computed based on Calibrated Air Speed (CAS), not Indicated Airspeed (IAS). Two airports Two airports are 2690 km away. The. 106. 78. There have historically been different nautical miles used and, thus, different variations of knots. In 1965, the PA-30B was introduced. 91 KCAS d D. 609344 kilometers per. Operation in Freezing Fog Prohibited Below -10C. 3 buffer brings that to 252 kts. Likewise, Daniel and Bonnie Williams, owners of a 1994 114B, flight plan about 150 KTAS on 65-percent power and about 12 gph. Transcribed image text: An aeroplane has a stall speed of 78 KCAS at its gross weight of 6,850lbs. c) 141 kt. The SportStar is a bit lighter (1320 lbs MTOW) but also quite smaller. Start: 300 KCAS above 10k' Accel 350, max AB 4-5 G pull to 25 AoA and maintain nose track Regain 4-5 G's at bottom, complete at level flightScheduled maintenance: Saturday, June 5 from 4PM to 5PM PDT. Calibrated airspeed in knots is usually. SB010-CS, installed 114 KIAS 110 KCAS. 8) multiplied by the time an aircraft takes to complete a circle (68. 91 * 50 is 45. Sea Level: 263 KCAS; 26,000 Feet: 297 KCAS; 31,000 Feet: 279 KCAS; 35,000 Feet: 259. 5 VS is recommended to maintain adequate buffet margins. The maximum speed is 250 KCAS. You can replace the propeller with a hydraulically adjustable three-blade constant speed MT propeller 34 series. 2. 1 in. Ultralight): 24 KCAS. If you are flying at a true airspeed of 150 knots and a headwind is pushing against you at 50 knots, your groundspeed is 100 knots. 77 Mach or 504 Miles per Hour (MPH) Airspeed Limits: See KCAS note at top V MO (Maximum Operating Speed) VMO. King Air 360ER; King Air 360; King Air 260; Denali; Baron G58. 1 knot (kt) = 1. Maximum Limit Speed: 210 kias (389 km/h) Stall Speed: 74 kcas (137 km/h) Powerplant. In 1965, the PA-30B was introduced. 9438444924406 knots, or 3. Go to the airspeed calibration table in your POH, and you'll find that an IAS of 33 knots flaps down is a CAS of about 46 knots. [ 1] Ele usa a diferença entre a pressão total e a pressão. 78. Never exceed speed. Comes equipped with DC-to-DC conversion circuit for more reliable operation with heavy CPU and GPU loads. Citation M2 Gen2. Stall speed naturally limits maximum speed in level flight (defined as V H in the LSA guidance), so the NPRM proposes to remove the max V H of 120 kcas under standard conditions and instead leave. VA Maneuvering speed 1600lbs. 1 Airspeeds (Optional) see note 5: Design Maneuvering Speed V A: 143 KIAS (143 KCAS) Flap Extended Speed V FE: 120 KIAS (120 KCAS) LND 126 KIAS (127 KCAS) TO Minimum Control Speed V MC: 71 KIAS (77 KCAS) TO 68 KIAS (74 KCAS) LND Cruising Speed. 3. A Velocidade indicada (em inglês: Indicated airspeed - IAS) é a velocidade lida diretamente do velocímetro de uma aeronave, que funciona utilizando um sistema de Pitot-Estático. Common abbreviations: kn, kt. A. Meanwhile exceeding 0. 852 km/h (approximately 1. 真空速TAS是最简单、最容易理解的空速，它就是飞机所感受到的相对气流速度。在无风情况下，真空速TAS就等于地速GS（Ground Speed）。 二、IAS（Indicated Airspeed，指示空速） 说到IAS，需要先复习一下空速表的基本工作原理： 全压-静压管工作. For a 40° full flaps the table says that 40 KIAS are actually 47 KCAS. The KCAS PLUS M is 80Plus Bronze certified for high performance with up to 85%+ efficiency. As long as no external air forces are present, the true. Yaw damper inoperative speed (minimum): Below 20,000 ft. MOD2002/29, or equivalent Service Bulletin n. Owing to its advantages, the airspeed of aircraft is always represented in ‘knots’. (d) Aeroplanes not certified for aerobatics may be used to perform any manoeuvre incident to normal flying, including:gyration for Tempo and Encore were determined and multiplied by the weight to from EAE 130 at University of California, Davis*If an aircraft stalls at 50 KCAS at 2325 pounds gross weight, what is the new stall KCAS at 1600 pounds gross weight? 10. Useful Load: 1,559 lbs. Also, explore many other unit converters or learn more about speed unit conversions. A few have flaps, but it’s not the normally taken approach. SB010-CS, installed 112 KIAS 108 KCAS Aeroplanes with modification n. This year’s Traveler has a published cruise speed of 147 mph at 75% power at 9,000 ft. Maximum flap speed V FE. c) remain constant regardless of altitude change. Calibrated airspeed in knots is usually abbreviated as KCAS, while indicated airspeed is abbreviated as KIAS . Calculate speed in knots or feet per second using our. 88 IMN) with about 0. Sign in with Facebook. Knots to Meters per second. Air speeds Design Maneuvering Speed V A: 119 KIAS (117 KCAS) Flap Extended Speed V FE: 93 KIAS (92 KCAS) LND 119 KIAS (117 KCAS) TO Minimum Control Speed V MC: 62 KIAS (62 KCAS) Maximum Landing Gear Operation speed V LO: 93 KIAS (92 KCAS) Maximum Landing Gear Extended Speed V LE: 93 KIAS (92 KCAS) Maximum Structural Cruising Speed V NO VEAS = √2qc ρ0 = √2 ⋅ 2879. Groundspeed is used by pilots when making time and distance calculations. Increase of stall speed (which they estimate will indirectly limit MTOW to 3000lb) Expand LSA to apply to all classes of aircraft. Any maximum or minimum speed is usually denoted in KIAS since you'll be reading it off the gauge at a critical time. Enter the flare in a 172 at 65 knots instead of 60 and. True airspeed (TAS) is the speed at which an airplane is moving relative to the air that surrounds it. Low Speed: Airplanes with a V C or V MO ≤ 250 KCAS (and M MO ≤ 0. The local speed of sound varies with changes in temperature. High Speed: Airplanes with a V C or V MO > 250 KCAS (and M MO > 0. 106. Cessna put a lot of effort into its styling and the results are particularly attractive both inside and out. 75 MT, whichever is less. KCAS Bioanalytical and Biomarker Services, an Integris BioServices, LLC Company is a rapidly growing company that provides comprehensive GLP / GCP compliant development services from early discovery support through product registration and beyond. Test Procedure: Set up at a high enough speed above 160 KCAS to be at flight idle at 160 KCAS, decel to a speed far enough below 140 KCAS to remain in flight idle through 140 KCAS. 75 MT, whichever is lower. 885 M true (Max RVSM operating limit is 0. MOD2002/29, or equivalent Service Bulletin n. An airplane’s maximum operating limit speed. Or in other words, TAS (with no wind). KIAS vs KCAS vs KTAS; 1. SKYbrary Partners: Safety knowledge contributed by: Join SKYbrary. FEATURE. KIAS is. Because of the results of the landing gear extension tests, the strut-door flaps on all T-38A chase aircraft will be activated and spe-Groundspeed takes your true airspeed and adjusts for wind. kilometers [km] meters [m] feet [ft] miles [mi]. The minimum speed is in accordance with the chart in expanded limitations procedures of Planebook. Type in your own numbers in the form to convert the units!The KCAS PLUS is 80Plus Bronze certified for high performance with up to 85%+ efficiency. Pyro is authorized for a Wall of Fire during the high speed pass. Socata TB9. Previous question Next question. Abbreviation is mostly used in categories: Aviation Military Government Army Ministry Of Defense. Conversion base : 1 mps = 1. An aeroplane has a stall speed of 100 kt at a mass of 1000 kg. 151 land miles per hour. • Silent 12cm fan with optimized thermal fan speed control • Powerful single +12V rail offers compatible DC output • Complete over current. KCAS is calibrated for installation or other errors. o. So more than 100 KCAS speed loss results in a 1. A 200hp max would free up a huge amount of aircraft, and make an LSA a stepping stone to a private pilot and endorsements. The difference between IAS and CAS varies greatly from level cruise to slow stall speeds/configurations. Takeoff Field Length. The published 33-knot full flap stall speed of a 172 is IAS, not CAS. These calculations are based on the International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) & U. Answer. Since the airspeed indicator capsule responds to impact pressure, CAS is defined as a function of impact pressure alone. If the gross weight of an aircraft without cargo is 500,000 pounds and the stall speed at that weight is 120 KCAS, what is the new stall speed KCAS when 500,000 pounds of cargo is added, i. The formula for the ground speed of an airplane is, mathematically. All in all I don't think the KCAS figures from the 150 POH are that. *Stall speed KCAS is a function of (depends on): (Circle all correct answers. Calibrated airspeed in knots is usually abbreviated as KCAS, while indicated airspeed is abbreviated as KIAS. 78-0. 300 KCAS 240 KCAS 220 KCAS. SPEED LIMITATIONS (FCOM 1. “When you crossed 6,000, I was showing 5,920,” Filucci said. 123 KTAS. Maximum number of passengers on board: The actual number of passengers - excluding infants - shall not exceed the number of serviceable seats provided with seat belts and the number of life. A32NX Result: 23 seconds. Piper Apache. Structural design. Conversion base : 1 kt = 0. 225 = 68. V LE Maximum Landing Gear Extended Speed is the maximum speed at which an airplane can be safely flown with the landing gear extended. ” Knots are a unit of speed, just like miles per hour (MPH) or kilometer per hour (KPH), and indicated airspeed is simply the number shown on the airspeed indicator. Together, course and wind correction angle define the heading of the plane, the **true angle at which the aircraft is traveling. 4. 1 Answer. Refer to KOEL contained in the AFM, doc. The minimum speed is 210 kts. Approaching at 1. 6; and (2) High speed — for aeroplanes with a V NO or V MO > 250 KCAS or an M MO > 0. Temperature Increment. Use of Flaps in Icing Conditions. Sea Level: 340 KCAS; 26,000 Feet: 340 KCAS; 26,000 to 37,000 feet: 0. Multiply the KIAS value by the conversion factor (1. It also distinguishes between four levels depending on the number of seats (0-1, 2-6, 7-9 and 10-19 passengers). Switch units Starting unit. Mechanical Engineering. 9438444924574 kt. • Silent 14cm fan with optimized thermal fan speed control • Powerful single +12V rail offers compatible DC output • Complete over current protection and over. KCAS - What does KCAS stand for? The Free Dictionary. Conversion of true airspeed to the equivalent airspeed can be done directly by: VEAS = V ⋅ √ ρ ρ0. Indicated airspeed (IAS) is what you read off the airspeed indicator as you fly. Updated 25 Aug 2022 Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. A rule of thumb suggested by William Kershner (2) for finding the effects of weight. Pressure decreases with higher altitudes, so for any given true airspeed, as you climb, fewer and fewer air molecules will enter the pitot tube. There will be a climb speed schedule the airplane is following, such as for the A32NX normally is 290KCAS/M0. Abbreviation is mostly used in categories: Aviation Military Government Army Ministry Of Defense. 2 KCAS Vm Minimum level flight speed Not Applicable Vx Speed for best angle of climb 60. 82 Mach; V A (Maneuvering Speed) VA. 154 KCAS. speed pt in r, and then t caution. 90712743552 kt. 156 KCAS. Free online speed converter - converts between 33 units of speed, including meter/second [m/s], kilometer/hour [km/h], mile/hour [mi/h], break, etc. Running lean of peak from that power setting, the speed dropped off to 194 knots true, but fuel consumption plunged to. Flight Planning Page 80 Aviation Seminars 4278. Commander claims a 75-percent cruise of 160 knots, about 10 knots faster than the original 114s would fly. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Max steady state RPM (N2), Max transient RPM (N2), Min ground idle RPM (N2) and more. Post Jan 15, 2006 #8 2006-01-15T22:53. More Specs . Maximum number of passenger seats: Island Air's aircraft passenger seating configuration has been fitted with 78 seats (Figure 1. VEAS = √2qc ρ0 = √2 ⋅ 2879. Consider KTAS as the speed a plane would be going on the ground, while IAS offers a more accurate measurement in the air. The knot ( / nɒt /) is a unit of speed equal to one nautical mile per hour, exactly 1. 3. 82, the square root of that is 0. Uses of true airspeed. In some applications, notably British usage, the expression rectified airspeed is used instead of calibrated airspeed. , would be 44. The newly proposed MOSAIC regulations state in § 61. SPL Vh limit removed. View Quiz - Stall Mathematics in Canvas_ AVS2102_ Aerodynamics, Spring 202. The other critical factor that plays a role in navigation is the wind speed. A kilometer per hour is a unit of speed. Indicated Air Speed can be displayed by selecting ‘Yes’ for ‘Indicated air speed’ under the Interface tab of Game Options. 75 MT, whichever is less. Max Takeoff LP. m. 3. 540 deg C. 98. : 141 KIAS (142 KCAS) Flap Extended Speed V FE: 119 KIAS (119 KCAS) LND 124 KIAS (125 KCAS) TO Minimum Control Speed V MC: 70 KIAS (76 KCAS) TO 67 KIAS (73. Manufacturer: Pratt & Whitney Canada: Model: PT6A-60A: Power Rating 1,050 shp (1,050 shp) Propeller Manufacturer: Hartzell: Description: 4 blade, aluminum, constant-speed, auto feathering: Products. b) The airspeed indicator and the altimeter. Comes equipped with DC-to-DC conversion circuit for more reliable operation with heavy CPU and GPU loads. This is a measurement of speed typically used in non-metric countries for transport such as the USA. The conversion factor between knots and MPH is 1 knot equals 1. Ie stall speed, VMO/MMO, etc. Your tip speed (the vertical axis) is (presumably) the simple geometric speed, which depends only on RPM. KCAS. Above 41,000', Min Speed 0. This puts you near the bottom of the total drag curve. Previous question Next question. Speed: 126 knots Maximum at sea level. The PA 23-150 Apache hit the market in 1954, evolved to 160-hp engines in 1957, then leaped to 235 hp per side as simply a lower-powered version of its offspring, the 250-hp Aztec, which had debuted in 1960. Calibrated airspeed is IAS corrected for installation and instrument errors. 3 inches and 2,500 rpm, while burning 32 gallons per hour. If the stall speed is based on max gross weight, then the reduction factor must also be based on. Stall speed naturally limits maximum speed in level flight (defined as V H in the LSA guidance), so the NPRM proposes to remove the max V H of 120 kcas under. For example, something traveling at Mach 5 is traveling at 5 times the speed of sound. weight is 192 kts. V-speed의 계산이 정확히 하지 않을경우에는 문제가 발생한다. Landing Gear Emergency Extend. The practice of using a different mph system is very old. These are shown in Fig. As you climb, true airspeed is higher than your indicated airspeed. mach (speed of sound) 0. 2/5/2020 Quiz - Stall Mathematics in Canvas: AVS2102: Aerodynamics,The retractable landing gear improves the already excellent speed characteristics, and the stretched fuselage allows a more efficient use of cabin space,. The airspeed indicator measures the difference between the static pressure from static ports and the ram pressure from the pitot tube. 250 KIAS / 0. Operation in Freezing Fog Prohibited Below -10C. 145 KTS . 50 KCAS 240 KCAS 65 KCAS. It is equal to exactly 1. 777-200 stall speed at max t. — Best angle-of-climb speed. Meters per second to Knots (Swap Units) Note: Fractional results are rounded to the nearest 1/64. a) increase during a climb. Meanwhile exceeding 0. At low speed, near the stall, 40 KIAS (the low end of the white arc) and 48 KCAS (Vs0 in the POH) refer to the same actual speed. Maximum number of passengers on board: The actual number of passengers - excluding infants - shall not exceed the number of serviceable seats provided with seat belts and the number of life vests - when required under CFR 121. The Dassault Falcon 20 is a French business jet developed and manufactured by Dassault Aviation. The SportStar is a bit lighter (1320 lbs MTOW) but also quite smaller. ) What CAS must be used to maintain the filed TAS at the flight planned altitude if the outsideStudy with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like For all patterns, what is the primary reference?, If stall indication or excessive sink rate occurs in the pattern, what should you do?, Should you adjust all traffic patterns to. 6) Level 4: Maximum seating configuration of 10 to 19 passengers *V C = design cruise speed; V MO = maximum operating limit speed; M MO = maximum operating Mach number. However, we have based our knots calculator on the international nautical mile which is commonly used thoughout the world today. Most common KCAS abbreviation full forms updated in November 2023KCAS: Knots Calibrated Airspeed: KCAS: Kenton County Animal Shelter (Kentucky) KCAS: King County Animal Services (Washington) KCAS: Kern County Archaeological Society. So if we are at 25,000 feet and cruising at 300 KIAs, then 2% times 25 equals 50%. 738661. 340(a). [2] The same symbol is preferred by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ), while kt is also common, especially in aviation, where it is. 67 KCAS c C. 71 Mach (0. The flaps-up stall speed at maximum weight is 49 KCAS. To maintain a desired. 2008/100, Section 2. “the final approach speed corrected for the predicted landing weight using available charts or tables for weights that are less. The speed in knots is equal to the Mach number multiplied by 666. Common abbreviations: kn, kt. 6. EAS (Equivalent Air speed)에 고도에 따른 공기 밀도에 대한 영향을 고려한 속도이다. Note that single-engine aircraft, such as the PC-12 and TBM-850, are turboprop aircraft that were granted exemption from the 61. Calculate the standard day sea level stall speed KTAS and KCAS in knots of an aircraft in level flight weighing 2740 lbs with a wing area of 175 sf and a CLmax of 1. Velocidade indicada. A: 119 KIAS (117 KCAS) Flap Extended Speed V FE: 93 KIAS (92 KCAS) LND. 278 meters per second, or about 0. Fuel Burn: 34 gph: Max Speed: 202 ktas: Max. Indicated Air Speed IAS. Let’s assume the given 150 kts lift-off speed was the indicated value in the cockpit, i. 225 = 68. 06 518 . 4 gallons per hour at 75% power; Range: 550 nautical miles; Service Ceiling: 15,000 feet; Landing Ground Roll: 776 feet; Landing Over 50 ft. the Indicated Airspeed [KIAS]. 91, and 0. Therefore, if the TAS is 300 knots and you have a 100-knot tailwind, the GS is 400 knots. Under any other conditions, CAS may differ from the aircraft’s TAS and GS. Knowing the speed in fps (202. Max. An aircraft can move faster when the air is thinner, but this won’t appear on the airspeed indicator, because when the air is thinner, so is the air entering the pitot tube. A. . 02 IMN. [G450 Aircraft Operating Manual, §07-02-30-03-40; ¶ 3. Mosaic: The Key Points. The Tampico TB-9 is the entry-level model in Aerospatiale's Caribbean series of piston singles which includes the TB-10 Tobago, TB-20 Trinidad, and turbo-charged TB-21 Trinidad TC. CAS/Mach/EAS based on Altitude and TAS. Essentially IAS readings becomes lower with altitude because of the thinning of air at higher altitude. ) a. 6. 151 land miles per hour. 10. Home Subjects. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Gross weight with fuel and 2 souls, One engine thrust MIL, One engine thrust MAX and more. This difference is more pronounced in. But how is it any different to Indicated Airspeed or calibrated airspeed? Well, as the altitude of an aircraft increases, the air around it becomes thinner. Landing Gear Extend Speed. 94, so stall speed at landing weight is 43 knots CAS, and 1. Total up the minutes flying + the fuel reserve = 137 minutes. As discussed earlier, analytically, this would restrict us to. 70M. SYMBOL SPEED KCAS KIAS VNE VNO 24 160 126 102 107 85 160 163 129 90 110 85 163 Never Exceed Speed Maximum Structural Cru'sing Speed Maneuvering Speed: 1. See moreConvert between Calibrated Airspeed (CAS), Equivalent Airspeed (EAS), True Airspeed (TAS) and Mach number (M) using the tool below. Indicated airspeed (IAS) measures speed along with changes in pressure. Imagine when you are at a certain airspeed, air is entering the pitot tube at a weird angle. Max Flap Extended Speed: Flaps 10: KCAS 107 / KIAS 110 Flaps Full: KCAS 85 / KIAS 85. In its most basic form, the ground speed equals the TAS plus the wind. 738661) = 1,333. A decrease in temperature in a gas results in a decrease in the speed of sound. A minimum speed of 1. TAS = M ⋅a0 T T0−−−√ T A S = M ⋅ a 0 T T 0.